LILKI: KIEREIN ON REDSHIFT, GRAVITY ETC.
Part 3 from John's Website
This is Kierein Part 3.
See Kierein Part 1 at ilki.substack.com/p/lilki-no-big-bang-universe-part-1
See Kierein Part 2 at ilki.substack.com/p/lilki-no-big-bang-universe-part-2
CONTENTS
REDSHIFT: .1. REBER; .2. VIGIER; .3. HOYLE;
.4. EXPANDING EARTH; .5. COMPTON EFFECT REDSHIFT;
.6. GRAVITY; .7. OLBER’S PARADOX; .8. MISCELLANY
https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/715324/view/grote-reber-s-radio-telescope
.1. GROTE REBER ON REDSHIFT
I came across these letters of correspondence between Grote Reber and Edwin Hubble.
The 1942 letter describes Reber's suggestion that the red shift would be due to the interaction of light with a medium of free electrons in intergalactic space along with a magnetic field. Grote later came to the conclusion that the red shift was the Compton effect from light travelling through intergalactic free electrons in order to explain his southern sky observations at 144 meters and 500 meters wavelength. See his 1968 paper
This is the same conclusion that I independently made in conjunction with Dr. Brooks Sharp to explain quasar intrinsic red shifts and the solar red shift, published at about the same time as Reber's above paper.
As big bang theorists attempt to solve the age problem by making the time to the big bang longer, they exacerbate the quasar problem. Quasars become even farther away and intrinsically brighter. Yet their temperature remains that of ordinary stars as exhibited by emission spectra of metallic ions that can only exist at a limited range of temperature. They are known to be about stellar size since they vary in brightness on a scale of a few minutes to seconds. How do they stay so bright at such a low temperature in such a small volume? They can't. They must have an intrinsic non-Doppler redshift and be nearby to be explained.
If neutrinos have mass about 1 ten millionth the mass of the electron, their Compton Effect red shift would be 10 million times that of that of the electron. The probability of a neutrino Compton Effect remains to be determined.
.2. (Update 2017) JEAN-PIERRE VIGIER ON REDSHIFT
Back in the days when I was working on the Skylab Astronomy and Space Physics experiments at Martin Marietta and teaching a course called "Anti-Gravity" at the Denver Free University (not to be confused with Denver U.), I went to a lecture given by Jean-Pierre Vigier at Denver U. I spoke with J-P after the lecture and told him my ideas about the Compton Effect causing the cosmological red shift. He was excited by the ideas and arranged for us to meet at DU to discuss this further. We talked for the entire next afternoon. I had published the article in Solar Physics with Brooks Sharp explaining the center to limb variation in solar red shift and quasar red shift in terms of the Compton Effect and also become friends with Grote Reber who explained his hecto-metric wavelength cosmic background brightness observations similarly as being caused by the Compton effect.
J-P had been selected to be Einstein's assistant at Princeton, but the State Department wouldn't allow him to get a visa because J-P was a French Communist. (Sorta the Bernie Sanders of his time, IMO.) (Einstein couldn't get a clearance because he was a pacifist.) I think physics might have been different if J-P had been granted the visa.
J-P explained to me that he believed that photons had a tiny mass - like the neutrino is now thought to have. He believed this explained the Einstein gedanken experiment for the principle of equivalence of inertial mass and gravitational mass and helped explain gravitational lensing. He also believed this explained the photon and electron double slit experiment: the electromagnetic wave interference went through both slits and the photon or electron only went through the slit where the mass particle was. It also explained the slowing of light in a transparent medium with reconstruction of the electromagnetic wavefront and Compton scattering without blurring. Some of his ideas are summarized here
But the most exciting part of our discussion was that J-P believed the cosmological red shift was due to photon-photon interaction with the photon having a Compton effect exchange with mass of the second photon. I was worried that this should cause as much blue shift as red shift. I had explained to him my ideas about the Compton effect causing electron and other free particles to increase in mass from simultaneous collisions from all directions causing the velocity vectors to cancel and the energy to convert to mass from E=mc^2. (See Part 5 of my YouTube video below.) He said a similar thing would happen to the photon mass and only a red shift would result. We believed the mass of the electron and photon could increase until it reached a stable mass (e.g. the mass of a neutron plus original mass of the electron or photon as the case might be.) Then new massive particles would be created. These could be the source of cosmic ray particles or even "dark matter".
Photon-photon interactions are now being observed!
I am coming around to Vigier's ideas. It really helps explain how a Compton effect red shift would not result in scattering of the EM wave in the far field while allowing the Compton effect to occur and produce a red shift in the near field.
An interesting effect of the Compton effect causing the cosmological red-shift and the consequent target electrons or anti-electrons {{i.e. positrons}} getting heavier (or Jean-Pierre's photon masses getting heavier) is that explains why the universe is overwhelmingly full of ordinary mass rather than anti-particle mass. When the Compton effect target mass has increased to the mass of the target mass plus a neutron, then a neutron is created. This then would decay into a hydrogen atom (proton plus electron). This is true for both an increasing mass of an electron or a positron. So the new mass is an increase in ordinary particles over anti-particles. Both the increased mass of an electron or a positron (or a photon) would become ordinary hydrogen. Hydrogen need not be created in a "big bang" as suggested here.
.3. (Update Jan 17, 2020) FRED HOYLE ON REDSHIFT
Fred Hoyle almost got it right. He originally suggested that light would convert to mass. He had an explanation for a static stable universe, but unfortunately he didn't see that the conversion of the light caused the red shift. His paper "A New Model for an Expanding Universe" is found here: https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/108/5/372/2601825 He later updated it with Tom Gold. (Coincidently my granddaughter (Courtney Young) and Hoyle's granddaughter are both PhD's doing biomedical research at UCLA.)
.4. EXPANDING EARTH
In the late 1980s I had some correspondence with S. Warren Carey. He sent me the manuscript of his book Theories of the Earth and Universe. He asked me to comment on it, so I made some minor typographical and grammatical re-wordings which he accepted. The earth's continents fit together, like puzzle pieces, on a smaller diameter globe. His book makes a very good case for the idea that the earth has been expanding. The major comment I gave him was to suggest that the Compton effect caused mass to be being created whethe mass already is by the mechanism I gave in the video and discussed with Vigier. This would be the cause of the creation of mass, in agreement with the conservation of energy and momentum, at the center of the earth. Unfortunately, while Carey agreed that mass was being created where the mass already was, he chose to follow the cosmology of Fred Hoyle and Tom Gold: the steady state universe with the cosmological red shift being Doppler and mass being created by an unknown mechanism to keep the density of an expanding universe constant. I gave a poster paper at an AGU meeting in San Francisco, (near where Carey had been a Stanford visiting Professor), with my mechanism for the expanding earth. The main objection I got from Pangea geologists was, "Where does the water in the oceans come from?" Apparently comets and volcanoes and ice age melt doesn't satisfy them.
.5. COMPTON EFFECT REDSHIFT
The late Paul Marmet has presented ideas very similar to the idea that the Compton effect causes the red shift and presents additional evidence against the big bang at his web site. (I introduced Grote Reber to Paul Marmet. Marmet worked to help Reber attempt to convert an old radar to a hecto-metric radio astronomy antenna. They wanted to map the Northern sky from Canada, but the radar was in far too much disrepair to be ready for the next solar minimum viewing opportunity.)
The stability of a static universe with a Compton Effect cosmological red shift is explained here and another paper can be found here. A paper showing no time dilation in quasar variability can be found here. Time dilation would be required if the quasar red shift were Doppler, so this result indicates an intrinsic non-Doppler quasar red shift such as a Compton effect red shift.
You'll love William Mitchell's book: "Bye Bye Big Bang: Hello Reality" . Also Lyndon Ashmore's book: "Big Bang Blasted".
.6. GRAVITY
Ever wonder what causes gravity? See the book: PUSHING GRAVITY. I have a chapter in the book.
Scientists have measured the speed of gravity to be the speed of light as Charles Brush and I predicted. (Unfortunately, Brush later believed the pushing gravity was due to shorter wavelengths rather than longer.) This is in contrast to Tom Van Flandern's prediction that the speed of gravity was many orders of magnitude faster than the speed of light (which others have rebutted).
Brush invented the carbon arc lamp, a dynamo and introduced street lighting to the world. Brush Electric eventually merged with Edison Electric to form General Electric. Brush was first president of Linde Air Products, Brush also invented storage batteries and wind generators. Brush founded Brush Wellman Beryllium (now Materion) and, I recently learned, was a founder of Union Carbide (now a Dow subsidiary) who made me a Union Carbide Scholar at Notre Dame.
My brother, Tom, is a now retired weatherman on WRC in Washington, D.C. He often met scientists, astronauts, etc. He asked the late Carl Sagan what he thought about the Compton effect causing the red shift. Carl's response was: "That would change EVERYTHING!"
This video explains what it changes. View the still valid, 1981 classic ugly sweater video: "Gravity and the Red Shift" on YouTube in 6 ten minute segments Part 1 , Part 2 , Part 3 , Part 4 , Part 5 , Part 6 . My updates are in the comments. It describes the cause of gravity in the endless, static universe. A big Winston Cone would concentrate gravity.
Checkout my other websites: Where the Extraterrestrial Life Is and: What Causes Gravity
.7. (UPDATE 2018) OLBERS' PARADOX
The number of photons hitting any point in space is the old Olbers' paradox problem. This problem is worse than normally stated. It normally is stated as "Why isn't the night sky as bright as the surface of the sun or stars? If you travel far enough you should encounter a star and sky should be that bright. The paradox is that the night sky is dark. Absorption of light by dust doesn't solve the problem because the dust would quickly heat up and glow" I think the problem is more along the lines of "Why isn't the total amount of energy being received in an observationally infinite universe infinite?" Before the discovery of the red shift the number of sources would increase as the cube of the distance (since volume increases as the cube), but the amount of energy falls off as the inverse square. thus the total energy should be infinite. But it isn't observed to be infinite obviously. The red shift might solve that problem.
Assuming the red shift is tired light with the red shift being directly proportional to the distance doesn't solve the problem either. Look at the amount of energy being received from all the sources out to the distance where the red shift is 1. This is a finite volume and a finite number E. Then add the doubled distance. The number of photons being received is the same but each photon is on average twice as far away so its red shift is double and its energy is 1/2 E. Then add the … energy from distance between red shift 2 and red shift 3. The energy is 1/3 E. adding it all up and you get the infinite series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 ... which does not converge so there is still and infinite amount of energy being received. (But the energy is mostly at long wavelengths from distant sources and the visible light is redshifted to there.)
Now look at the case where the red shift is Doppler. This is the Hoyle - Gold Steady State case. In this case there is also time dilation. So not only does each photon have less energy with distance, but also the distance between photons is stretched out by the same amount as the red shift. Thus the total number of photons being received is lowered and the sources is dimmed. This results in an infinite series 1 + 1/4 +1/9 +1/16 .... This does converge and would solve Olbers paradox. This is the Basel problem. All the energy being received from beyond red shift = 1 is only a little more than 64% that being received from all the sources out to red shift =1. But the number of photons is infinite.
Now look at the case where the red shift is due to the Compton effect. In this case the red shift is greater than the direct proportionality to distance. The number of collisions each photon receives is proportional to the wavelength so there is an acceleration of the red shift with distance rather than a direct proportionality as the photon increases in wavelength. This results in an infinite series which does converge but has much more energy in the long wavelength spectrum than the steady state theory. It also solves Olbers paradox. It also agrees with Reber's measurements of very bright long wavelength background radiation and explains why GNz11 is unusually bright.
.8. MISCELLANY
{{Speculation on Redshift in a Created Universe | Answers Research Journal https://answersresearchjournal.org/speculation-redshift-created-universe/}}
… John Kierein has a BS in Physics from Notre Dame, an MBA from Indiana U., and a long history of state of the art work in the aerospace industry, working at such places as Picatinny Arsenal, McDonnell (now Boeing), Lockheed Martin, Rockwell, Ball Aerospace, KinetX, Spectrum Astro, and SM&A. He has worked on projects such as Gemini, Skylab's astronomy & space sciences experiments, Space Shuttle science experiments (including the first Shuttle payload: the Shuttle Imaging Radar-A antenna), IRIDIUM constellation orbital mechanics, a myriad of small scientific satellites (including CRRES, ERBS, Deep Space 1, RHESSI, Swift) … {{etc.}}
… (The National Radio Astronomy Observatory has 9 full folders of Kierein correspondence in its Grote Reber Archives). We traipsed around Boulder, CO until we found one of the Wurzburg antennas that Grote had originally helped set up in Sterling, VA to measure the 10.7 cm radiation from the sun which confirmed the solar sunspot cycle. This antenna was subsequently sent to the National Electronics Museum in Lenthicum, MD, thanks to the efforts of Frank Sanders. …
Compton Effect Interpretation of Solar Red Shift
Non-Doppler Redshift of Some Galactic Objects
Quasar quartet
TESTS OF EXPANDING VS. STATIC UNIVERSE
Making electrons and positrons
Anomalous Redshifts in Binary Stars
Big bang is flawed
Kierein on Art Bell show June 1996
Official Arp Website
Distant Galaxy Cluster is Older than the Big Bang
Hoyle, Burbidge, Narlikar's new book;
Problems of the standard model
Young punks were booed (last paragraph)
Where are the Quasars?
Biggest Redshift Quasar Poses Problems for Big Bang
Paul Marmet's web page
Gravity 1960 Russian paper
Universe Only 10 Billion Years Old
Solar Eclipse Gravity Anomalies
A Timeless, Boundless, Equilibrium Universe (Click send PDF)
Quasars likely closer than redshifts imply
Big redshift quasar in a low redshift galaxy
Eric Lerner paper
Early universe galaxies more mature than big bang
Nice work Len, thank you. I MUST find time to read the three parts. It would be helpful and save filing space if you are able to edit this and put links into parts 1 & 2?